Samuel Hahnemann (1755 - 1843)
Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of
homoeopathy, was born in Meissen, Saxony in Germany on 10th April 1755
to an impoverished middle-class family. He was taught to read and write by both
parents and was an avid learner even in his early years. He became proficient at
languages and even by the age of twelve was sufficiently accomplished in Greek
and Latin that he was given the task of tutoring other children in these. His
linguistic repertoire expanded through his adolescence so that by the age of
twenty he had mastered English, French, Italian, Latin and Greek, and was able
to make a living at the University of Leipzig as a translator and teacher in
languages. He subsequently added to these, Arabic, Syriac, Chaldaic and
Hebrew. He also trained in sciences, was a member of various scientific
societies and was honoured especially for his researches in chemistry. Other
fields of expertise included botany, astronomy and meteorology. Hahnemann
undertook the study of medicine in Leipzig and Vienna, qualifying with honours
in 1779.
He started practice as a doctor in 1781 and shortly
afterwards married Johanna Henriette Kuchler, with whom he had 11 children.
Hahnemann took his calling as a medical healer seriously
and applied himself conscientiously to his profession. In these early years as
a doctor, using the medicines and techniques available to the profession at the
time, he found to his dismay that he was not only not achieving a
healing response in many of his patients, but in some cases causing greater
damage to the health of the patient through the toxic effects of some of the
medicines, than the disease, if left untreated, would have caused.
This tragic fact made such a profound moral impression on
him, that he felt compelled to withdraw from the profession in order to not
contribute to the harm being committed to humanity in the name of medicine.
My sense of duty would not easily
allow me to treat the unknown pathological state of my suffering brethren with
these unknown medicines. The thought of becoming in this way a murderer or
malefactor towards the life of my fellow human beings was most terrible to me,
so terrible and disturbing that I wholly gave up my practice in the first years
of my married life and occupied myself solely with chemistry and writing.
Hahnemann then resorted to making a living from writing and
translation. It was while undertaking the translation of a particular medical
text, A Treatise on the Material Medica by the Scottish physician William
Cullen, that he was first prompted to examine the medicinal effects of
substances ‘under a different light.’ In this medical text he read the claim
that the drug, cinchona (Peruvian Bark), was effective in treating the symptoms
of malaria because it was a bitter astringent and had a tonic effect on the
stomach.
Hahnemann rejected this claim outright as it suggests that
other drugs which had these characteristics should have a beneficial effect on
malarial states, which they don’t. In order to establish exactly what effects
cinchona did have on the human organism he decided to take the drug himself. He
began to administer doses of cinchona to himself over a short period of time and
discovered that this bark actually created malaria-like symptoms in a healthy
individual. Hahnemann reasoned that it was the similarity of symptoms that
somehow produced the healing effect. This prompted the postulation of the first
principle of homoeopathy: “like cures like.” Or stated more completely: That
which can produce a set of symptoms in a healthy individual, can treat a sick
individual who is manifesting a similar set of symptoms.
He coined the name “homoeopathy” to describe this approach
to healing, deriving it from the Greek: homos (same) + pathos (suffering).
He went on to test other substances, accurately documenting
for each its particular “symptom picture.”
This, however, still left the barrier of toxicity. Many
substances which produced symptoms also produced toxicity in the body unless
they were diluted to such a degree that they not only lost their toxicity but
also their ability to produce, and therefore to cure, symptoms. Hahnemann
experimented variously with this problem and discovered a curious phenomenon
which had not been known before. Whereas simple dilution of a substance, in
water for example, weakened the power of a substance to produce an effect, the
act of diluting in steps (each step could be, for example, diluting 1 in 10) and
vigorously shaking or impacting the mixing vessel after each step, resulted in a
substance which still produced symptom effects on a healthy person, and curative
effects on a sick person. This phenomenon was evident even when the dilution
and impacting (called succussion) was continued to the point of leaving only
immeasurably small amounts of original substance in the diluted solution.
This discovery opened the door to widespread testing of
even the most toxic substances, including substances like Belladonna and Aconite
– both highly poisonous; and after developing a means of bringing insoluble
substances, like mercury or gold, into attenuated states using trituration,
there was very little that could not safely be tested and therefore safely and
effectively administered to patients. The testing procedure in
homoeopathic
parlance is called “proving.” (The original meaning of the word “prove” is “to
test.” Like many words its meaning became altered in time through popular
misuse.)
Hahnemann resumed his practice using to full effect his
newfound approach to the art of healing. He soon attracted many followers among
the physicians of his day and the new science started to spread through Europe
and abroad. A homoeopathic medical movement was started which eventually spread
throughout the Europe and North America and also eastward into Asia, and
especially India.
Hahnemann’s provings expanded from the original tests done
on himself to tests done on numbers of people in order to establish the common
and striking symptoms, as well as the more subtle and peculiar effects of each
drug. These detailed symptom pictures have been collected and catalogued into
what is considered the homoeopath’s bible: the Homoeopathic Materia Medica. From
a thorough knowledge of the materia medica, the homoeopath is able to select the
homoeopathic medicine (called a remedy) which most closely matches the sum and
essence of the patient’s symptoms. It is the ability to find this match that is
the “art” of homoeopathy, and Hahnemann was the original master of this art
(though many have been produced since his time.)
In 1810, Hahnemann published the fruits of his labours in a
systematic treatise called The Organon of the Medical Art. This
publication laid out the original principles and practices of homoeopathy for the
benefit of other physicians and for mankind in general. Early in the text he
describes and defines the goal of physician: “The highest ideal of therapy is to
restore health rapidly, gently, permanently; to remove and destroy the whole
disease in the shortest, surest, least harmful way, according to clearly
comprehensible principles.” The remainder of the book sets out how this ideal
can be realized using homoeopathic principles.
He continued throughout his long career to refine and
improve the practice of remedy making, proving and prescribing, still following
the fundamental principles of his original discovery, and in the course of his
life, produced five further editions of the Organon.
After a long career as a medical practitioner, researcher,
writer and lecturer, Hahnemann died in 1843 at the age of 88 in Paris, after
having completed his 6th and final edition of the Organon,
referring to it in a letter to his publisher as his “most nearly perfect work.”
The fruits of Hahnemann’s genius continue to benefit us
today in ever increasing measure as the efficacy and safety of homoeopathy in the
treatment of countless disease states becomes evident to more and more people.
The tradition of trained and qualified medical doctors
taking up homoeopathic study in addition to their regular training continues in
many countries, while many who are not doctors can also train in the study and
practice of homoeopathy, either to a professional or home-use level.
Its use has been expanded into veterinary practice as well
where it is routinely applied successfully to pets as well as to agricultural
animals.
In the UK there are several training colleges that offer
training to a professional standard, and there are many groups and institutions
that offer first-aid/home use courses.
In addition, there is a vast range of books on the market
encompassing every aspect of homoeopathy, a small selection of which is available
through this site. [Click
here]
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